certainly can not
demonstrate such a connection. We’re simply observing that the description of
the mirror neuron facility from the literature seems to match well with the
noted function.
At the
instinctive end of the emotion spectrum are the appetites for air, water and
food. Given the varying time frames that drive these basic, physiological
needs, the emotions derived from each range in intensity. When deprived of air
for a few seconds, or at most tens of seconds, a strong emotional response
ensues; if an individual does not directly control a release of the
deprivation, then it will likely reach a panic state in a very short order.
When faced with the lack of water, being driven by a longer time-frame need,
the mind will instill an emotion of mild desire which, if unfulfilled for many
hours, or extending into a day or two, will reach a state of near
irrationality, again a state made stronger if a person does not directly
control the means to quench the thirst. The need for food, based on an even
longer time frame, evokes a range of emotions that begins with a mild hunger
after a few hours and that progresses to ever-stronger desires after days have
passed. Of course, literally not knowing where your next meal is coming from
induces a very different emotional response from suffering hunger pangs from
being on a restricted diet. At all levels, the stimulus of emotions is subject
to progressive learning by the higher cognitive functions of the mind. A point
to keep in mind, of course, is that the emotions, derived to a large extent
from cognitive processes, provide a degree of controlled access to the
autonomic nervous system. At this level, the body actually can’t tell the
difference between a lack of food due to starvation and being on a restricted
diet.
If one is
deprived of air unexpectedly, then an irrational response may ensue. People who
are trained to act in high stress situations, however, can learn to override
their instinctive emotional stimuli and proceed through various, ordered
alternative approaches to rectifying the situation. For example, military
training may entail going into a closed room filled with tear gas and being
ordered to remove a gas mask. The goal of the training is to instill an
appreciation for how long one can act rationally in the face of the
debilitating gas and the benefit of acting in a rational manner to relieve the
situation. Similar training is used for other stress inducing environments:
sleep deprivation, cold or hot environments, and the like.
Emotions derive
from the limbic system of the human midbrain. As we will see in a bit more
detail in Chapter 8, this particular system of the vertebrate brain has evolved
in the progression of reptiles to mammals. Various levels of emotional response
are an evolutionary enhancement of mammals particularly suited to the
development of a strong bond between parent and infant in order to insure care
for the infant while it is at its most vulnerable stage.
The provision of
energy to drive the life engine of living material has evolved to keep pace
with the complexity of the organisms that have resulted from the interplay of
the earth’s physical ecosystem. At the most basic level, in order to support
the replication of the DNA molecule, sufficient excess energy must be present
in the material that surrounds the initial parent DNA. This energy exists in
the form of chemical compounds in a state suitable for extraction to support
first the cell replication process and then the sensory and motor functions
that each cell performs.
Human physiology
supports two distinct macroscopically observable systems through which cells
can obtain the necessary energy to procreate and to operate. These are termed
the aerobic and the anaerobic systems and they work very much in concert with
the body’s response system to threats. Specifically, the anaerobic system
provides a very rapidly metabolized energy source that can
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