can only be
opened by the grace of God; and, God is approached only through faith. The
performance of good deeds is to be pursued, but as an act of faith in the deity
rather than as the payment of dues.
As we have seen
in previous chapters, the development of the human brain in concert with the
human mind has been a long, evolutionary process. It has required mutational
events to modify the structure of the brain and feedback through the process of
natural selection to influence its descriptors. With the development of each
new person from infancy to adulthood, we can retrace many of the evolutionary
steps of the species. In complement, the needs hierarchy creates a feedback
mechanism that vets social groupings.
Emerging in the
far distant past as collections of endoskeleton based creatures, the
vertebrates share the common characteristic of a central spine that connects
the head to the tail and through which passes a central nerve that facilitates
the sensori-motor faculties of the individual. Vertebrate species show a
propensity for four appendages, some well developed while some are vestigial in
nature. On many species, the appendages are equipped with separated phalangeal
extensions; for humans, hands with fingers and feet with toes. For a whale or
dolphin, the appendages become fins and flukes. For lions and tigers and bears,
they become paws with claws.
The central
nerve is attached to an enlarged mass of nervous tissue referred to as the brain stem. Through a series of evolutionary
stages, this central nerve, terminating in the brain stem and associated with
ever more sophisticated structural components, emerged as a relatively enhanced
control center for the external sensori-motor system of the individual, and the
internal autonomic system regulating
internal organs. Particularly in the case of hominid species, this evolution
associated with a series of more sophisticated brains. As a systems advance
over earlier species, one of the more innovative characteristics of vertebrates
was likely the development of a fine grained sensori-motor system. One can at
least make this argument by noting the progression, and particularly the
specialization, of the sensori-motor system through the incremental development
of the various vertebrate species. Consider the five senses that we humans are
familiar with: sight, sound, touch, taste and smell. Each of these sensory
systems can be found in other vertebrate species and the characteristics of
each sense have evolved at differing rates and to different levels of
capability. The hominids, with their connection of sophisticated sensori-motor
facilities to the enhanced command and control capabilities of their more
powerful brains offered up a superior combination.
The timetable of
the evolutionary progression of hominids is still in a state of some
disagreement, but their emergence from their precursor species occurred perhaps
as early as six or seven million years ago. Since that time, the species has
continued to evolve. While fossil records indicate some change in the physical
stature of people over that period, the evidence of the greatest change has
been in the record of human achievements, in the enhancement of the products of
the human mind. This growth is attributed to the development of both size and
mental capabilities of the brain, resulting in a tremendous improvement in the
cognitive functions of mind. We would like to consider this development of the
mind in an attempt to relate the resulting concepts to the facilities of
computer systems and computer networks. We will base our consideration on the
formative work of three pioneers in the structure, organization and operational
development of the human mind: Paul MacLean (The Triune Brain in Evolution), Merlin Donald (Origins of the Modern Mind) and Jean Piaget (The Psychology of Intelligence).
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